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2000, 2010; Strohschein, 2005; Sun & Li, 2001, 2011; Vandewater & Lansford, 1998)
and college completion (Black & Sufi, 2002; Bulduc, Caron, & Logue, 2007; Conley,
2001; Perna & Titus, 2005), but less research is done on divorce and graduate attainment
(for exceptions see Björklund & Sundström, 2006; Björklund, Ginther, & Sundström,
2007, Devor et al., 2018). The findings displayed a consistently negative relationship
between parental divorce and children’s educational success (Carlson & Corcoran, 2001;
Cavanagh, Schiller, & Riegle-Crumb, 2006; Frisco et al., 2007; Ginther & Pollack, 2004;
Sun & Li, 2011). This holds true for young children (Amato, 2000; 2005; Amato &
Cheadle, 2005), adolescents (Björklund, Ginther, & Sundström, 2006), and young adults
(Bulduc, Caron, & Logue, 2007; Heard, 2007; Melby et al., 2008; Cavanagh et al., 2006).
For example, Cavanagh et al. (2006) conducted research explaining that the marital
histories of parents can shape a child’s educational achievements throughout the life
course. Their findings highlighted how family instability contributed to stratification in
the United States. In this credential-based economy, graduating from a four-year college
(not to mention graduate school) is found to contribute to better jobs, financial security,
better health and relationships (Cavanagh et al., 2006).
How Does Depression Shape Educational Indicators/Attainment?
Previous research suggests that depression negatively affects academic attainment
(Kessler, 2012; McArdle et al., 2014). It has been found that the prevalence of
depressive symptoms in college students affects almost one-third of the population
(Ibrahim et al., 2013) and might be particularly destructive to higher education in men
(Bohman et al., 2017). Depressive symptoms showed an association with difficulties to
concentrate and complete school tasks (Humensky et al., 2010). Specifically, depressive